The best classes are those where the students are motivated to learn. Such lessons have included in their structure the best learning theories. How would you structure a lesson so that students are really engaged in their learning? Explain the theories that would underpin your approach.
Motivation to learn
" the desire to participate in the learning process".
The need for imagination,
and a feeling of responsibility
---these are the three forces which are the very nerve of education.
Broadly speaking, motivation is either intrinsic/expressive (doing something for its own sake, for the enjoyment it provides, the learning it permits, or the feelings of accomplishment it evokes Mark Lepper 1998) or extrinsic/ instrumental (doing something for some other reason, in order to obtain some reward or avoid some punishment external to the activity itself, eg. grades, stickers, or teacher approval).
Establishing the theories of learning and teaching.
Constructivism Brunner
Behaviorism Skinner
Piaget's Developmental Theory
Neuroscience
Brain-Based Learning
Learning Styles collaborative learning
Multiple Intelligences Gardner
Right Brain/Left Brain Thinking
Communities of Practice Steiner Maslow
Control Theory Glasser
Observational Learning
Vygotsky and Social Cognition
The lesson structure
The Introduction part.
The greeting and meeting is a good opportunity to get a feel for the tone and mood of the children. It's a time to develop relationships, show interests in the students while students settle. a time to observe basic needs of students are met Maslow"s Hierarchy of needs, Glasser's 5 drivers. it's a time to observe behavior that may be of concern eg. name calling any harassment, tied or ill health issues, students that are withdrawn or displaying out of character behavior. Remember the only behavior you can control is your own,
Start by recalling previous lesson discuss home work questions, maybe even do jigsaw activity to ensure how deeper the understanding of the questions is achieved by the whole class. Vygotsky ZPD Group and peer evaluation, collaborative learning, this recapping and building on what is known is a way to confirm to the teacher the program of lessons is achieving targeted outcomes and requirement for the board of studies. Piaget "children construct their own knowledge". Brunner put it "learners construct new ideas or concepts based on their current ,past, knowledge and where learners selects and transforms information, constructs hypotheses and makes decisions relying on the cognitive structure to do so and where the cognitive structure provides meaning and organisation to the experience and allows the individual to go beyond the information given" Brunner also said "Students need to maximise their learning by discussing things with others."
The teacher may use props and equipment, ICT , quests and quizzs, Video, DVD, or outside activities to stimulate learning in the students and to drive them by intrinsic interests through their tasks and problem solving.
The tasks should be organised so the class can flow and use time effectively. The timing and the pace ensure the students are always engaged, make sure the content, key questions and objectives are structured to ensure deeper learning occurs and students experience Blooms Top row of Analyse, Create Synthesise, and Evaluation. so lesson plans have to act as a guide to the higher order learning experiences.
Encourage classroom environments where students feel valued and safe to make responsible choices about their learning and lives. Steiner and Maslow promote the idea of beauty in the classroom pride of place sense of community thinking ,feeling willing .
Making sure at the time of teacher control / instructions, the messages are delivered in a clear manner, Assessment tasks are understood and the rubric scale for assessment is understood and fair.Take into account the different ways students learn and connect. make sure tasks challenging and clear to follow.
Involve the Class in the decisions and management of the class eg. house keeping, class trips, students who may be having problems settling in or getting on, or may have a disability, the class needs are not being satisfied. Dreikurs teacher leadership. Think Pair Share
Structure the lesson and tasks to in corporate OHS issues if required, promote safe work place environments.
Play music while students are working be creative about tasks.
Structure the lesson to challenge and be realistic for their development and learning expectations show respect and belief in their values as students, incorporate timing to allow the student to work individually or within groups, change the physical shape by moving desks to create inclusion, encourage circle discussion and active listening. develop skills for problem solving.Dreikurs teacher leadership assessment process eg. attention etc
Use behavior and disruption Problems as educational Opportunities to help student learn how to make choices and connect to their community.
Be interested in the students, observe and assess students performance, taking into account students personal life and any situation that is being brought to the classroom and notice changes. Is the student suffering from a dysfunctional family arrangement, is the student in a single parent family environment feeling poor and excluded and not able to keep up, may be a sickness in the family causing stress. Pain Theory. Glasser choice theory. get the students involved and make them feel they are supported and have worth.
And our lesson plans must always ask what experiences will help students learn this subject matter, how will I engage them intrinsically to want this information.Reflection and evaluation of these questions after the lesson as well as teacher self reflection how I can build on what works and what needs to be reassessed.
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